Inspired Pain

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If you’re living to your highest means values, you will be most inspired. When you’re living in your highest means values, you’re in ‘in-spirit-ation’. Langford, D. J., Tuttle, A. H., Briscoe, C., Harvey-Lewis, C., Baran, I., Gleeson, P., et al. (2011). Varying perceived social threat modulates pain behavior in male mice. J. Pain

Pain and Machine Learning – The Spectator Pain and Machine Learning – The Spectator

Deborah Padfield’s Perceptions in Pain is a very interesting project where she has taken a series of photos to try and convey the pain she and others feel. Research on social influences on pain is still in its infancy but has already proven to add valuable insights into a more comprehensive view on pain [for an excellent overview on motivational and learning aspects of pain communication see Hadjistavropoulos et al. (2011)]. Future studies could aid in understanding the specific neurobiology underlying persistent pain states caused through interpersonal violence (e.g., from torture), which are known to be particularly resistant to treatment. Outlook The urge to find a meaning for pain is surely biological. We are hardwired to determine what is causing our pain so that we could avoid such things in the future. The only problem, however, is that we don’t always have the answer to why. Not just in Job’s time, but also in the 21st century. And, in the absence of knowledge, we tend to invent reasons and meanings. In Greco-Roman times the answer to why was that I must have offended the gods in some way. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Zhao, Xin, Gangqiang Tang, Chun Zhao, Dong Mei, Yujun Ji, Chaoqun Xiang, Lijie Li, Bo Li, and Yanjie Wang. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world.

Frida Kahlo: Portrait of Chronic Pain | Physical Therapy

Eisenberger, N. I., Master, S. L., Inagaki, T. K., Taylor, S. E., Shirinyan, D., Lieberman, M. D., et al. (2011). Attachment figures activate a safety signal-related neural region and reduce pain experience. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 11721–11726.

Bonnelle, V., Ham, T. E., Leech, R., Kinnunen, K. M., Mehta, M. A., Greenwood, R. J., et al. (2012). Salience network integrity predicts default mode network function after traumatic brain injury. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 109, 4690–4695. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature De Maria, G.; Natale, C.; Pirozzi, S. Directions Toward Effective Utilization of Tactile Skin: A Review. IEEE Sens. J. 2014, 14, 4109. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Inspired by love and anger | Hymnary.org Inspired by love and anger | Hymnary.org

For all three lines of research, behavioral studies have extensively characterized the psychological processes involved and neuroimaging studies have begun to elucidate their underlying neural basis. In most cases, these studies were able to describe neural correlates and identify brain regions that are pivotal to the respective process. However, more research is needed to depart from this rather descriptive approach and understand the neural mechanisms underlying the interaction between pain, decisions, and actions.Although to date research on avoidance behavior has mainly focused on learning, related aspects could aid in understanding the motivational basis of this behavior and its common resistance to extinction. For instance, dispositional inter-individual differences in exploratory behavior that might be determined by personality or genotype could add a relevant piece to the puzzle of understanding and targeting excessive avoidance behavior. Furthermore, contemporary theories on action selection suggest that our behavior is governed by at least two systems, a goal-directed system and a habitual system (see Rangel et al., 2008 for review). Avoidance behavior might require different intervention strategies, depending on the system driving it. If the behavior is goal-directed (or “model-based,” see Daw and Shohamy, 2008 for details), it could be targeted by challenging its underlying beliefs—an approach that is, for instance, indicated when avoidance behavior is driven by exaggerated irrational beliefs. In contrast, if the behavior is habitual, it might subsist despite successful treatment of pain that caused the avoidance behavior. Goal Conflict in the Context of Pain By knowing your North Star and means values, you can consciously choose to live in a state of inspiration rather than requiring motivation. Inspiration comes from within; motivation comes externally. Living your values Zhang, Y.; Fang, Y.; Li, J.; Zhou, Q.; Xiao, Y.; Zhang, K.; Luo, B.; Zhou, J.; Hu, B. Dual-Mode Electronic Skin with Integrated Tactile Sensing and Visualized Injury Warning. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 37493–37500. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] A value is something that is a priority to you. As humans, we are driven by end-way values (pain), end-towards values (pleasure) and means values (inspiration). According to psychological models, the maintenance of avoidance behavior can mainly be explained by its ability to reduce fear. Because pain-predictive cues trigger fear and anxiety, avoiding these cues promises the escape from these negative emotional states. The aim of avoidance strategies is therefore not only to prevent pain but to avoid the aversive anticipatory state associated with it. The dual process theory ( Mowrer and Lamoreaux, 1946) therefore posits that avoidance learning comprises two stages: the initial phase in which we learn about predictive cues through associative learning and the second phase in which avoidance behavior is reinforced and maintained by fear reduction following the principles of operant conditioning. Critically, avoidance behavior minimizes the opportunities to learn that the feared stimulus or event is no longer associated with pain—an implication that makes avoidance behavior particularly resistant to extinction. A key intervention in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches to avoidance behavior is therefore the exposure to feared stimuli or events to break the vicious circle of avoidance and symptom maintenance.